From Menarche to Menopause: A Narrative Review of Female Reproductive Milestones and Risk of Chronic Airway Disease.

This narrative review examines relationships between reproductive milestones and chronic airway disease risk.

本叙述性综述检查了生殖里程碑与慢性气道疾病风险之间的关系。

review_findings

Early menarche is associated with reduced adult lung function and a higher incidenceof asthma.

早发月经与成年后肺功能降低和哮喘发病率增高有关。

Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome is also associated with increased asthma risk, particularly in obese individuals, through sex hormone dysregulation, metabolic dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation.

多内分泌代谢卵巢综合征也与增加的哮喘风险有关，特别是在肥胖个体中，通过性激素失调、代谢功能障碍和慢性低度炎症。

Adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with lower lung function and heightened future asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) susceptibility, potentially from persistent systemic inflammation, endothelial injury, and oxidative stress beyond the perinatal period.

不良妊娠结局与较低的肺功能和未来哮喘及慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）的易感性增高有关，可能是由于持续的系统性炎症、内皮损伤和氧化应激，这些影响可能超出了围产期。

Effects of exogenous sex hormones on the airways are complex and context-dependent.

外源性性激素对气道的影响是复杂且依赖于上下文的。

Hormonal contraception may reduce asthma risk in lean females by stabilizing estrogen and progesterone fluctuations, but increase risk in obesity, as exogenous estrogen can amplify airway inflammation.

激素避孕可能会通过稳定雌激素和孕激素的波动来降低瘦弱女性的哮喘风险，但在肥胖女性中可能会增加风险，因为外源性雌激素可能会放大气道炎症。

Similarly, effects of menopause hormone therapy (MHT) vary by formulation, timing of initiation, and use duration.

同样，绝经后激素治疗（MHT）的效果因配方、开始时间和使用持续时间而异。

Estrogen-only MHT - particularly when started at younger ages, before menopause, or used for longer duration - may increase asthma risk.

单一雌激素的激素替代疗法（MHT）- 特别是当在较年轻时、绝经前开始使用，或使用时间较长时 - 可能会增加哮喘风险。

Early menopause is linked to accelerated lung function decline, higher asthma incidenceamong those with obesity, and increased COPD risk.

早发性更年期与肺功能加速下降、肥胖人群哮喘发病率较高以及慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）风险增加有关。

summary

Female reproductive factors may influence susceptibility to chronic airway disease, although these relationships involve multiple pathways, with obesity as a major confounder.

女性生殖因素可能影响慢性气道疾病易感性，尽管这些关系涉及多种途径，肥胖是一个主要的混杂因素。

A dedicated life-course cohort with deep phenotyping and hormone profiling is needed to elucidate how reproductive exposures, sex hormones, metabolic determinants and other susceptibility factors interact to shape respiratory outcomes in females.

需要一个专门的全生命周期队列，进行深入的表型分析和激素剖析，以阐明生殖暴露、性激素、代谢决定因素以及其他易感因素是如何相互作用，从而影响女性的呼吸结果。