Developing palliative care interventions in liver disease using formative and summative qualitative evaluation.

Intervention development and evaluation is a systematic, complex, and time-consuming process.

干预措施的开发和评估是一个系统化、复杂化和耗时的过程。

Qualitative research approaches, known as formative and summative evaluations, are recommended during intervention development to explore intervention mechanisms, determine the need for refinement, and provide a deeper understanding of intervention efficacy, effectiveness, and implementation barriers and facilitators.

在干预措施开发期间，推荐使用定性研究方法，即形成性和总结性评估，以探索干预机制，确定改进的需求，并提供对干预效果、有效性以及实施障碍和促进因素的深入理解。

Although qualitative formative and summative evaluations are resource-intensive, they provide critical information about intervention feasibility, patient and clinician acceptability, and patient-centeredness.

尽管定性形成性和总结性评估需要大量资源，但它们提供了关于干预可行性、患者和临床医生的接受度以及以患者为中心的重要信息。

This review summarizes how qualitative formative and summative evaluation methods can inform the design, adaptation, and evaluation of interventions to integrate palliative care into ESLD.

本综述总结了定性形成性和总结性评估方法如何为将姑息治疗整合到终末期肝病（ESLD）中的干预措施的设计、适应和评估提供信息。

We describe the completed qualitative summative evaluation study, embedded within PALliative Care for end stage LIVER diseases, an in-progress 19-site cluster randomized trial of hepatologist-led versus palliative specialist-led palliative care for patients with ESLD and their caregivers.

我们描述了已完成的定性总结性评估研究，该研究嵌入在正在进行的19个站点的集群随机试验中，该试验比较了肝病学家领导的姑息治疗与姑息治疗专家领导的姑息治疗对于终末期肝病（ESLD）患者及其护理人员的效果。

We include patient, family, and clinician demographic data emphasizing how the sample is representative of the parent randomized clinical trial (RCT) and describe how the embedded qualitative study explored patient, family, and clinicians' perspectives on the intervention.

我们纳入了患者、家庭成员和临床医生的人口统计数据，强调样本是如何代表基础随机临床试验（RCT）的，并描述了嵌入式定性研究是如何探索患者、家庭成员和临床医生对干预措施的看法。

Specifically, we sought to understand how the intervention was enacted (fidelity) and to provide a roadmap for future palliative care practice integration in ESLD.

具体来说，我们试图了解干预措施是如何实施的（忠诚度），并为未来在终末期肝病（ESLD）中整合姑息治疗实践提供路线图。

In conclusion, formative and summative evaluations play a vital role in improving interventions so that valuable and scarce palliative care resources are applied equitably and effectively and so that patients and their caregivers experience the best possible care and quality of life as they live with ESLD.

总之，形成性评估和总结性评估在改善干预措施中发挥着至关重要的作用，确保宝贵的和稀缺的姑息治疗资源能够公平和有效地应用，并且使患者及其护理人员在与ESLD共存时，能够体验到尽可能好的护理和生活质量。